Sustainable development practices in civil engineering projects Essay

Supportable advancement rehearses in structural designing ventures - Essay Example Consequently, polite architects should assume a major job in maintainability since they are answerable for planning and building structures that help the society’s day by day lives. [2] Sustainable Development In any expert vocation, there are a lot of code of morals that direct the practices in that field and therefore should consistently be followed. Practically all nations on the planet have these arrangement of morals and significant bodies that guarantee they are followed. For example, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Code of Ethics in the USA characterizes how Civil Engineers ought to be practice expertly. Reasonable improvement is the mainstay of any designing practice since on the off chance that it is followed carefully, at that point other moral practices will promptly fall in to put. [1] Sustainability can be characterized as a method of utilizing an asset in way that it isn't exhausted forever. In development, it can likewise be alluded to as green de velopment since it is worried about financial and natural effect of making structures that can be reused. Accordingly to guarantee manageability, contractual workers and architects are required to plan and construct structures that won't cause long haul harm to nature. Economical structures should vitality productive, guarantee wellbeing security of individuals living in around it and furthermore diminished contamination and waste discharge. [1] Sustainable Development Practices Civil Engineers assume a significant job in manageable turn of events. A structural building venture will require the consolidation of a different experts from different orders for example geologists, scientists, encompassing network and offices worried about the authorization of the code of morals. Every one of these gatherings have enthusiasm for the venture and should guarantee that the task meets all the maintainability rehearses and furthermore guarantee their inclinations are not put in danger. It is t he obligation of a structural architect to consolidate all the intrigued teaches and gatherings with regards to request to deliver a plan and manufacture a structure that meets the objectives of the customer. [5] For example, if another structure is to be worked in a region that was at first utilized for crop cultivating, the encompassing zone must have the option to proceed with help crop cultivating much after the finishing of the venture. Additionally, if the region is encircled by a significant water body and is utilized for entertainment, these water body need not to be dirtied and amusement needs to proceed after finish of the venture. This consequently requires part of maintainability practice. A structural specialist will have the duty of deciding whether the qualities of the dirt, format of the office, the seepage of the site and the past use of the land will bolster the attributes of the new office. The designer will likewise decide whether the accessible methods of transp ort framework to the office are sufficient, concocted a plan that will mull over both the sea-going living space, widely varied vegetation and structure the structure such that it has negligible ecological effect on the individuals living in the encompassing. The structure of this office should likewise meet the set code of morals standard. Hence for such an effective assessment, an architect must have a comprehension and information on these numerous orders and this is brought out by the idea of reasonable devel

Case Study Helicopter Retrieval To Small Regional Hospital Case Study

Case Study Helicopter Retrieval To Small Regional Hospital Case Study Case Study: Helicopter Retrieval To Small Regional Hospital â€" Case Study Example > The patient is not too sick to transfer, however the patient will require to be transported to the tertiary level hospital to receive the definitive management. In order to transport the patient, there will be need to provide the prehospital care to the patient which will be aimed at increasing chances of the patients survival before reaching the tertiary hospital for better management. The patient will be able to benefit from the prehospital management before he is transported to the hospital for the definitive management of myocardial ischaemia. The prehospital management of the patients condition(myocardial infarction) will be based on immediate offering of medical intervention since the loss of muscle cells starts to become irreversible in two hours after the infarction has occurred (Whitbread 2002,1967). The management will be aimed at the relieving of pain and the prevention of the occurrence of cardiac arrest. Early care of the patient will be much centered on the provision of reperfusion therapy to limit the infarct size and to prevent the extension as well as the expansion and treating of the immediate complications which include pump failure, shock and arrhythmias which are life threatening. The prevention of further infarction is also of importance and the reduction of the occlusion of the coronary artery on the myocardium. The initial diagnosis of myocardial infarction will be based on the chest pains, progressive dyspnea as well as the activation of the parasympathetic system which is characterized by the presence of hypotension (Bettencourt 2005, p. 874). Prehospital management of on the ground before the transportation of the patient will involve the relieving of pain. This will be done not only for humane reasons but because the pain will be associated with the sympathetic activation which will bring about the vasoconstriction which will eventually result in the increase of the amount of work of the heart. The pain will therefore be managed by the use of intravenous morphine. If the opioids fail to relive the pain, repeated doses will then be necessary or then the intravenous beta blockers or the nitrates will also be effective in the management of pain. Intramuscular injections should be avoided since their absorption will be unreliable and the site of injection might bleed when the patient will be offered the thrombolytic therapy. The antiemetics will be given concurrently with the Opioids. Opioids could induce respiratory depression, hypostatic hypotension and bradycardia or tachycardia and muscle spasm which might have the negative effects to the patient since they will aggravate the condition. Other risks of using the opioids would be the setting in of urinary incontinence (Bettencourt 2005, p. 874). Thrombolytic treatment is the cornerstone in the management of myocardial infarction. The aim of the therapy will be to complete and maintain the patency f the infacrted as well as the related arteries. The reperfu sion therapy will also go ahead to prevent the reduction of cardiac function as a result of the myocardium undergoing irreversible necrosis due to complete occlusion of the blood vessels. The management should begin immediately for this condition since the resultant ischemia will only be reversible within 3 to 6 hours. The choices of reperfusion therapies will range from the use of the percuteneuos transluminal coronary angioplasty, thrombolysis and coronary bypass graft surgery. The choice of the procedure to be used will be based on the patient’s condition, the location and the extent of the ischemic process. Coronary angioplasty in the first is divided into two, primary angioplasty and angioplasty which is combined with thrombolytic therapy. There will also be need to provide ventilation to the patient due to the saturation levels of oxygen in the blood being low. This should also be done because the patient is breathless and is having the features of heart failure or shock. T his will be aimed at addressing the need for perfusion of the various organs to prevent ischemia which would lead to necrosis on persisting. Thrombolytic therapy could lead to the patient developing hemorrhagic shock due to increased bleeding internally and this might affect the perfusion of various body organs and could result in end organ damage (McVaney 2005, p. 282).

Common Sense Essay - 623 Words

After reading excerpts from the pamphlet â€Å"Common Sense†, written by Thomas Paine in 1776, I developed a sense of understanding for many different aspects of the article. About a quarter of the way through, I found myself very much interested in what I was reading. However, I was interested to an extent where I felt as if I was living in the 18th century and I strongly agreed with everything Thomas Paine was saying. By the end of the reading, I felt overwhelmingly opposed to the British, and I was enthusiastically in favor for the independence of America. After further analyzation, I realized Thomas Paine knew how to use his rhetoric. Throughout the excerpt he employed many different tactics to persuade the reader, and put them in favor of†¦show more content†¦The Stamp Act. By mentioning the Stamp Act, he is already triggering the mind of the reader to think of the unjust acts which have been committed by the British towards their colonies. He then mentions how t he acts were repelled, yet a decade later Parliament whipped out a new set of taxes. By causing the reader to feel anger for what Britain has unjustly done to them, it is easier to convince them of his point that reconcile can not be made with them. Although it may last temporarily, it will ultimately fail. From reading Tom’s and Reverend Charle’s works, I derive two different tones. On Tom’s side I find a very well articulated argument. He seems extremely confident in what he is saying and takes a very aggressive and opposing stance. If I ever spoke to him I would expect him to have a very eloquent persona, and a confident manner. On the other side, I didn’t get the same feel from Reverend Charles Inglis. Although he has his stance, I did not perceive the same amount of energy and enthusiasm I did from Paine’s. I would even say Charle’s writing was hesitant. After reading Paine’s side of the argument, I was not anywhere affected in the view I took on the matter by Charles. This very important piece of literature, has giving me a deeper perspective of very important debate of declaring America’s independence fromShow MoreRelatedThe Apology For Thomas Paines Common Sense749 Words   |  3 Pageswith a severe lack of common sense in the modern world is rapidly increasing. Without this common sense, the world turns into a mass of chaos and confusion. According to Merriam-Webster, common sense is defined by having sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. Our world is in a grave and desperate drought of common sense, and the only way to quench this thirst is to reevaluate ourselves, our thoughts, and our practices. Common sense begins with respect forRead MoreCommon Sense1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years to follow his father’s trade. Paine didn’t do so well at that either and he experimented with other jobs such as a privateer, an excise, and finally a journalist. Paine became an important figure publishing many of his works including â€Å"Common Sense†, an influential piece that pushed for independence, which was published in 1776 and followed by â€Å"The American Crisis†. Later in his lifetime, he was arrested for not supporting the execution of Louis XVI and was put away in jail for some timeRead MoreCommon Sense1980 Words   |  8 PagesOmar El-Azhary 6 May 2012 Common Sense Making people understand a serious situation like America’s independence is not easy, but Thomas Paine was able to do so through his book, Common Sense. Thomas Paine was able to communicate his ideas to common simple farmers and to the high class intellectuals very easily. He lived at the time of the American Revolution, and Common Sense is one of his main publications that urged Americas’ independence from the British. Born in 1937, Thomas Paine was originallyRead MoreSubcultures Of Common Sense766 Words   |  4 Pagesby a car and the driver evacuates the scene. Is it common sense to file a police report or hunt down the perpetrator yourself? I believe most Americans will choose the former over the latter based on their perception of common sense. However, if someone chooses to seek retribution for the hit and run by themselves, do they then lack common sense or does their common sense merely differ from ours? The Merriam Webster dictionary defines common sense as a â€Å"sound and prudent judgment based on a simpleRead MoreCommon Sense Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Sense The persuasion towards independence represented through the pamphlet Common Sense, is largely effective. The work portrays the unjust treatment received by the colonies from the mother country, England. Thomas Paine begins with the creation of government, as lived by the colonist, and progresses to the wrongful acts administered by Parliament and the King of England. Finally, Thomas Paine gives confidence to the unity of the colonies, and details a forceful removal of EnglishRead MoreEssay on Common Sense1172 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Independence, Thomas Paine offers much advice in both Common Sense, and The Crisis. Paine offers very strong arguments in Common Sense, which are supported by his own reason, his sensibility, his common sense and by his ability to draw inference from what has already happened. Paine uses every element in his ability to help give more depth to his arguments and plans. However, of all the cases Thomas Paine makes in Common Sense, the ultimate g oal of Paine is to incite the American PublicRead More Common Sense Essay579 Words   |  3 Pages In Common Sense, by Thomas Paine writes that America cannot recon ciliate with Great Britain. Paine gives many examples in this document of why America cannot reconsolidates with Great Britain. One of them is there is no advantages to being connected to Great Britain; only disadvantages can come out of the connection and the second idea is British government must sooner or later end. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the first point about the connection with the British, Paine states that AmericaRead More Common Sense Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages Common Sense. By Thomas Paine. Edited with an Introduction by Isaac Kramnic. (New York: Penguin Books, 1986). amp;nbsp; amp;#9;Recently, I acquired a copy of Thomas Paine’s most recent patriotic pamphlet, entitled Common Sense. I was immediately interested in what Paine had to say in his new work, after such powerful previous works, such as The Crisis series. I was nothing less than astonished at how Paine so powerfully conveyed his patriotic message. Paine theorizes a split between EnglandRead MoreTheories Of The Common Sense960 Words   |  4 PagesQuestioning whether or not people make choices seems to be an arbitrary concept to ponder. Common sense causes one to believe that, of course, humans make choices daily. Even now, common sense dictates that it is a choice to read this paper or even for this paper to be written at all. However, according to one form of early philosophy, common sense has led society astray. Each event that occurs throughout the universe has causation such that one never acts of his or her own free will. This theoryRead MoreChild Care: As It Has Always Been in The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care by Dr. Benjamin Spock1514 Words   |  7 PagesInitially published in 1845 by Dr. Benjamin Spock, The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care revolutionized parenting, and thus, the upbringing of an entire generation and those following. As society changed, new editions of the original handbook emerged to fit the lifestyle of the current population. Dr. Spock wrote seven editions of The Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care alongside a prestigious pediatrician, Steven Parker, before his death in 1998. I read the ninth addition of the manual

Humberts Description of Lolita in Vladimir Nabokovs...

Humberts Description of Lolita In Chapter 31 of Part 1 of Lolita, Humbert and Lolita are in the lobby of the Enchanted Hunters only hours after consummating their sexual relationship. As Humbert arrives in the lobby to check out of the hotel, he observes Lolita as she sits reading a movie magazine in a large armchair, and his description of her progresses from a focus on her loss of innocence to a focus on her inner, demonic nature. As elsewhere in the novel, the reader here sees Humbert attempting to mitigate his own sense of guilt and self-loathing. His description of Lolita is typical Humbert, with an almost obsessive attention to detail as his eyes glide over her body from her shoes to her eyes and face:†¦show more content†¦As the passage goes on, Humberts portrait of Lolita gets more detailed, moving from descriptions of her childish clothing (saddle oxfords and pink frock) to evidence of their recent lovemaking: Nothing could have been more childish than her snubbed nose, freckled face or the purplish spot on her naked neck where a fairytale vampire had feasted, or the unconscious movement of her tongue exploring a touch of rosy rash around her swollen lips. (138-39) The hickey and the rash around Lolitas mouth produced by Humberts unshaven face signify her loss of innocence, but they also depict her as Humberts prey and his victim. He is the fairytale vampire feasting on Lolita and leaving visible signs of his depredation on her childlike body. Indeed, these details come surrounded by a series of parallel phrases that emphasize the girls innocence: Nothing could have been more childish . . . nothing could be more harmless . . . nothing could be more innocent . . . nothing could be more naive. So far, so good. Having had intercourse with Lolita earlier that morning Humbert, not surprisingly, sees her as his victim, sees both her childlike innocence and the signs of his own brutal assault on that innocence. But at the end of the passage, Humberts understanding of Lolita and her lost innocence changes radically as he proclaims her toShow MoreRelatedLove in Lolita1323 Words   |  6 PagesSome critics read Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita as a story of Humberts unrequited love for the title character; others consider it a record of the rant-ings of a mad pedophile, with, as Humbert himself admits, a fancy prose style. Nabokovs innovative construction, in fact, highlights both of these aspects as it reinforces and helps develop the novels main theme: the relationship between art and experience. By allowing Humbert to narrate the details of his life with Lolita, Nabokov illustrates theRead MoreIs Lolita a Love Story or Pornography?3043 Words   |  13 PagesIs Lolita a Love story or pornography? Is it Moral or Immoral? Lolita, the dramatic story of the main character, Humbert Humbert and the twelve and a half year old Lolita is the most controversial and greatest masterpiece created by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov. Lolita is a full-blown psychological novel, a detective novel, a confessional novel, a Doppelgà ¤nger Tale, an extended allegory for artistic process a sexual myth, more complicated and mysterious than comparable to Freudian stereotypesRead More The Effect of Language in Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita Essay2045 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effect of Language in Lolita      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What really is reality? How can we define reality? The very nature of such a subjective subject means that there are as many answers as there are questioning minds on the planet. Therefore, reality can only be defined as what it means to each of us. We learn particular ways of looking at life from our experiences, which we gain from our interactions with others. This is the basis of an elaborate theory called the social construction of realityRead Moreï » ¿Does Nabokov’s ‘Lolita’ have any canonical value?1325 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Does Nabokov’s ‘Lolita’ have any canonical value? The literary canon is the group of texts considered to be of the most value. These are books which are generally taught in schools, colleges and universities. Authors that belong to the canon seem to follow certain characteristics; middle or upper class, white male authors who are dead. Writers such as Shakespeare, Milton and Chaucer are synonymous with the canon and also follow these characteristics. Vladimir Nabokov follows most of theseRead More The Unreliable Narrator in Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita Essay examples2020 Words   |  9 Pageswit, his intelligence, and - yes - his murderers fancy prose style, we may momentarily forget that he is indeed the monster he says he is (Rivers and Nicol 153).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his On a Book Entitled Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov recalls that he felt the first little throb of Lolita run through him as he read a newspaper article about an ape who, after months of coaxing by a scientist, produced the first drawing ever charcoaled by an animal: this sketch showed the bars of the poor creaturesRead More Should the Reader Forgive Humbert? Essay2494 Words   |  10 PagesHumbert? Lolita, by Vladamir Nabokov is a controversial book that elaborately represents and forces the reader to deal with a pedophiles obsession with his 12-year-old stepdaughter. As the reader finishes reading Lolita, he must establish a meaning for the novel which hinges heavily upon whether or not he should forgive Humbert for his rape of Lolita and for stealing her childhood away from her. This rape is legally referred to as a statutory rape because Humbert is having sex with Lolita who is underRead MoreEssay on Defining Lolita: the Novel and the Name2268 Words   |  10 PagesDefining Lolita: the Novel and the Name In his essay, On a Novel Entitled Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov tries to answer the age-old question, What is the objective of the novel? He quickly replies, ...I happen to be the kind of author who in starting to work on a book has no other purpose than to get rid of that book... (311). There is more to his response than this, however. He goes on to say that his book was not written to celebrate pornography or pedophilia, nor was it written to promoteRead More Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov Essay2752 Words   |  12 Pages Vladimir Nabokov, one of the 20th century’s greatest writers, is a highly aesthetic writer. Most of his work shows an amazing interest in and talent for language. He deceptively uses language in Lolita to mask and make the forbidden divine. Contextually, Lolita may be viewed as a novel about explicit sexual desire. However, it is the illicit desire of a stepfather for his 12-year old stepdaughter. The novel’s subject inevitably conjures up expectations of pornography, but there in not aRead MoreRelationships Between Humbert And Lolita2417 Words   |  10 PagesAshley and Jake Barnes. Tom and Daisy Buchanan. These are the relationships that ruin themselves but become ubiquitous for their violence and conflict. And sometimes that is just more interesting. Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita explores this idea about relationships, especially between Humbert Humbert and Lolita. It challenges interpersonal connections that we’ve come to know so well. Altho ugh Humbert continually proves himself as an unreliable narrator who can’t repent because he constantly manipulatesRead MoreFeatures of Metafiction and Well Known Writers of the Genre Essay3025 Words   |  13 Pageswriting a novel. (Nabokov’s Lolita). †¢ A novel about a person reading a novel. †¢ A novel which itself is within the novel. †¢ A story that addresses the specific conventions of story, such as title, paragraphing or plots. (John Fowles’s The French Lieutenant’s Woman). †¢ A non-linear novel, which can be read in some order other than beginning to end. †¢ Narrative footnotes, which continue the story while commenting on it. †¢ A novel in which the author is a character. (Nabokov’s Lolita and John Fowles’s

Chapter 5 Martin Outline Free Essays

Chapter 5 Martin Walker – The Cold War Pages 112-135 Spies in the Skies: Sputnik to U-2 1. Link between Hungarian crackdown and Soviet relations with Poland and Yugoslavia: 2. Examples of Soviet economic boom of the 50’s and 60’s 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 5 Martin Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now U. S. Reactions to Sputnik’s launch 4. Gaither Report a. Its findings b. Its recommendations c. Eisenhower’s reactions 5. National Defense Act of 1958 and its results 6. Anglo-American relations warm sults tSoviet relations with Poland and Yugoslaviaand ensuing agreements 7. French intransigence following the Suez humiliation 8. De Gaulle . Algeria and the 4th Republic e. Meeting with General Norstad f. Consequences g. ICBM worries 9. Dulles, Adenauer and France 10. French and British begin divesting their countries of empires 11. Iraq presents a problem in 1958 and how the U. S. and British dealt with it 12. British hardballing in the Middle East 13. Roots of the growing British-French mistrust 14. Coup against Khrushchev and the aftermath 15. China h. Growing discontent with Russia i. Mao’s West vs. East wind speech j. Mao’s Nuclear war stance k. Hundred Flowers Campaign l. Great Leap Forward m. Soviet response to Chinese appeal for nuclear aid against the U. S. 16. Examples of brinkmanship by both the Soviet and the U. S. 17. Why the need to display brinkmanship 18. Maintaining a nuclear balance and the unpredictable weights 19. Berlin n. Khrushchev’s proposal o. Why the U. S. found it difficult to agree to p. Khrushchev – Adenauer meeting 20. U-2 planes and their capabilities 21. Sino-Soviet split as reason for Soviet intransigence following the Paris Summit 22. Khrushchev, Soviet conventional armed forces, and the Strategic Rocket Forces 23. Cuba, sugar, and the Soviets How to cite Chapter 5 Martin Outline, Papers

DRUNK DRIVING Essay Example For Students

DRUNK DRIVING Essay News came, informing me of Katie Platts death. I was distraught and in disbelief at what I just heard. She was in a car accident. she was injured very badly, and now she was dead. Kate was one of my best friends. Above all she was only fifteen years old. Her life was taken too soon, out of carelessness that could have been prevented. Kate was at a club that night with her sister Melina and a friend the three of them had been drinking the entire night. when it was time to leave, Melinas judgement was impared, and instead of calling a friend she choose to drive under the influence. While driving Melina hit a utility pole, flipping her Jeep Cherokee three times. kate was in the back seat, not wearing her seatbelt. ( DWI Dilema, Internet source) However, I disagree. We need to send the message that it is not acceptable, nor is it constitutional to drive under any influence of alcohol, weather it be .08 or .20. Drunken driving was once treated much as car accidentsa regrettable but unavoidable part of life on the roads. But a vocal grass-roots movement led my MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) persuaded much of the country, over two decades, to view it as a type of criminal negligence. Public patience with drunk drivers quickly grew thin as well-publicized death tolls mounted. ( Mishra, Internet source) What exactly is drunk driving? This is a question that has yet to be answered. To determine the concentration of alcohol in the body at any given time, it is necessary to establish the blood alcohol concentration (BAC), which measures the percentage of alcohol in the blood. When a person consumes more alcohol than his or her body can immediately eliminate, alcohol accumulates in the bloodstream and the BAC rises.(Henderson, 23) In Connecticut the BAC level is .08, this means that the blood alcohol level needed to be arrested for drunken driving has to be . 08 or higher. One can also be convicted of drunk driving without the results of a blood alcohol test or if your blood alcohol test result is lower than the statutory amount. A conviction can be based on evidence that your breath, conduct, language, and motor movements showed that you were drunk and unable to drive safely. (Driving While Intoxicated, Internet source) Alcohols effects are progressively more noticeable as the blood alcohol concentration increases. At a BAC of .02 to . 05 percent the effects are almost entirely pleasurable. The drinker feels relaxed and sociable. There may also be some modest impairment of reasoning or memory and general reduction in caution. A BAC of .05 to .07 produces a state of excitement. The drinker begins to suffer from what may be a slight but nonetheless noticeable impairment of balance, speech, vision, reaction time, and hearing. Judgement and self-control are also effected. The drivers behavior is apt to become more aggressive. In general, the drinker feels stimulated and highly capable. In reality his or her ability to safely perform tasks such as driving that require quick reactions, concentration, and good judgement has been significantly reduced. A drinkers ability to function deteriorates quickly at BACs of . 08. to .15 percent, the drinker enters a state of confusion. At this stage, the level of impairment becomes obvious, if it is has not already. Speech becomes slurred; the drinkers sense of balance, vision, reaction time, and reasoning ability are distinctly and obviously impaired. With a BAC this high the drinker cannot safely perform tasks that require sound judgement or motor coordination. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Also, every year more then 10,000 Americans, ages 16- 24 die in alcohol related car crashes. There is so much unnecessary tragedy associated with driving under the influence. Maybe if there were tougher laws against it, more people would choose a different solution. Perhaps if you got caught driving drunk, you would be sent to prison for putting other peoples lives in danger. I see it as attempted murder, many innocent people die as a result of being hit by a drunk driver. We need to .

Adjectives vs Adverbs in SAT Writing Practice + Tips

Adjectives vs Adverbs in SAT Writing Practice + Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may recall the good ol’ days of elementary school when you learned about adjectives and adverbs. If you had realized that you would have to know about these parts of speech for the SAT, perhaps you would have paid better attention instead of daydreaming about Nickelodeon and The Disney Channel. Don’t worry. If you’ve forgotten or never learned about these parts of speech, I’ll teach you everything you need to know about them for the SAT Writing section. In this grammarguide, I'll do the following: Define an adjective. Define an adverb. Review the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives. Explain how adjectives and adverbs are tested in SAT Writing. Provide practice questions to test you on what you've learned. What is an Adjective? Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Here are some example sentences with adjectives: He is disgusting. The adjective is "disgusting" because it modifies "he". I turned in my horrendous report. The adjective is "horrendous" because it modifies the report. My cat is docile. The adjective is "docile" because it modifies the cat. You can think of adjectives as words that describe nouns. What is an Adverb? So, in elementary school, you may have learned that adverbs modify verbs, but that’s not all. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. This is an example of an adverb modifying a verb: He writes slowly. The adverb is "slowly" because it modifies the verb "writes". The adverb is used to describe how he writes. Check out this example of an adverb modifying an adjective: Her muscles are extremely large. The adverb is "extremely" because it modifies the adjective "large". The adverb is used to describe the degree of largeness of her muscles. The word "large" is an adjective because it modifies the noun "muscles". Here is an example of an adverb modifying another adverb: The politician speaks very well. The word "very" is an adverb because it modifies the adverb "well". The word "well" is an adverb because it modifies the verb "speaks". From looking at the example sentences, you may have noticed that adjectives and adverbs tend to have different constructions. Adverb Construction Adverbs are usually formed by adding "ly" to the adjective. For adjectives that end in "y", the adverb is formed by adding "ily". So, for example, "slow" becomes "slowly", "quiet" becomes "quietly", "careful" becomes "carefully", and "noisy" becomes "noisily". There are irregularly formed adverbs, such as "good" that becomes "well" in the adverb form. However, the SAT will not specifically test you on irregular adverbs. So, how will adjectives and adverbs be tested on the SAT Writing section? Adjectives Vs. Adverbs on the SAT On the SAT, adverbs and adjectives are switched with one another. Most often, an adjective will be underlined when the wordshouldbe in the adverb form. Less often, but occasionally, an adverb will be underlined when the word should be in the adjective form. This is an example of the type of sentence that may appear on the SAT: When I saw my doctor, he examined me careful. If you aren't reading closely, the example sentence might seem perfectly fine to you. However, the word "careful" is functioning as an adverb in the sentence. Why? The word "careful" modifies the verb "examined". Therefore, "careful" should be in the adverb form. This is the corrected version of the sentence: When I saw my doctor, he examined me carefully. This is an example of an adjective being incorrectly used as an adverb: Because her workout was excruciatingly, she could barely lift her fork to eat her dinner. The word "excruciatingly" is modifying the workout. Because "workout" is a noun, "excruciatingly" is an adjective and should not be in the adverb form. This is how the sentence should read: Because her workout was excruciating, she could barely lift her fork to eat her dinner. Here are some simple strategies to help you determine whether a word should be in the adjective or adverb form. Strategy Determine what word an adjective/adverb is modifying. Then, determine the part of speech of the word that is being modified. If a word modifies a noun, use the adjective form. If a word modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, use the adverb form. Let's use what we've learned to tackle some real SAT questions. Real SAT Writing Examples Try to determine if there is an adjective/adverb error in the following sentence. Explanation: At first glance, none of the underlined phrases may seem incorrect to you. However, let's take a look at answer choice C. The word "effective" is in the adjective form, but what is its function in the sentence? The word "effective" is describing how the effects have been described. The word "effective" is modifying the verb "have described". Therefore, "effective" should be in the adverb form, "effectively". Here's one more example from a real SAT. Explanation:So, this question is slightly more difficult. Is there an error? Yes. But where? The answer is A. So, â€Å"clever† is describing how the reservoir was designed. In the sentence, â€Å"designed† is actually a participle. A participle is a form of a verb that functions as an adjective. Here, â€Å"designed† is modifying the reservoir. However, even if you thought â€Å"designed† was a typical verb, the word â€Å"clever† should still be in the adverb form. The reservoir was cleverly designed. Also, "clever" is in the adjective form. The only noun "clever" could possibly modify is "reservoir". Would a reservoir be described as clever? No. The way the reservoir was designed was clever. It was cleverly designed. A cleverly designed reservoir The good news is that you won't see a harder adverb question than that one an your SAT. Now, let's take a look at another rule involving adjectives. Comparatives Vs. Superlatives (aka -er vs -est) Comparatives The comparative form of an adjective is created by adding "er" to the adjective or "more" plus the adjective. Examples of comparatives include "faster", "stronger", and "more exhilarating". You cannot use "more" and the "er" form of a word. You cannot write "more stronger" or "more faster". Also, the comparative form can only be used when you are comparing two things. Here is an example of the comparative form being used incorrectly: Between Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, Christina is the more better singer. Again, you can't use "more" with the comparative form of a word. The word "better" is the comparative form of good ("better" is irregularly formed). This is the corrected version of the sentence: Between Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera, Christina is the better singer. The comparative form is used when you're comparing two things. What is the proper form to use when you're comparing three or more things? Superlatives When comparing three or more things, use the superlative form. A superlative is formed by adding "est" to the adjective or by putting "most" in front of the adjective. Examples of superlatives include "fastest", "strongest", and "most exhilarating". You cannot use "most" and the "est" form of a word together. You cannot write "most fastest" or "most strongest". Here is an example of an error with a superlative: Of all the breakfast cereals, Apple Jacks is the most tastiest. Be on the lookout for sentences with "most" and the "est" superlative form. You can only use "most" plus the adjective or the superlative "est" form of the adjective. You can never use both together. Apple Jacks are tastier than Cheerios. Comparatives and Superlatives on SAT Writing Most likely, you will only see a maximum of one or two questions on the SAT testing your knowledge of comparatives and superlatives. All you have to remember is proper construction of the comparative and superlative forms, and you need to know to use the comparative form when comparing two things and the superlative form when comparing three or more things. This is an example of the hardest type of comparative/superlative sentence I've seen on an SAT: Between Joe and his brother, Joe is the stronger and more intelligent. Often, students will be tempted to use the superlatives "strongest" or "most intelligent" in this sentence. However, because we are only comparing two things, we have to use the comparative form. The example sentence is correct. Strategy If you see a comparative, make sure only two things are being compared. Also, make sure that "more" and the comparative "er" form are not being used together. If you notice a superlative, make sure three or more things are being compared. Also, make sure that "most" and the superlative "est" form are not being used together. Now, let's check out an example from a real SAT. Real SAT Writing Example Determine whether there is an error in this sentence taken from an actual SAT. Explanation: Do you see the error? Hopefully. Find the incorrectly formed comparative. You cannot write "more stronger". The word "more" does not belong with the comparative "er" form of the adjective "strong". The answer is B. At this point, we've covered all the specific types of questions involving adjectives and adverbs on the SAT Writing section. Here are some tips to help you identify and correctly answer all adjective and adverb questions on the SAT. General Strategies for Adjectives and Adverbs on the SAT #1: If an Adjective or Adverb is Underlined, Make Sure the Word is Being Used Correctly In any of the subsections (sentence improvement, identify the error, paragraph improvement), if an adjective/adverb is underlined, make sure the word is being used correctly. Most adjective/adverb questions are found in the identify the error subsection. Generally, mistakes on adjective/adverb questions are due to carelessness. By checking to see that underlined adjectives/adverbs are being used correctly, you will be less likely to make a mistake. #2: Determine the Part of Speech of the Word that the Adjective/Adverb is Modifying If you know the functions of adjectives and adverbs and you can correctly determine the part of speech that an adjective/adverb is modifying, you should never miss an adjective/adverb question. #3: If a Comparative or Superlative is Underlined, Make Sure the Word is Being Used Correctly Keep in mind that comparatives compare two things and superlatives compare three or more. Comparatives are formed by placing "more" in front of the adjective or by adding "er" at the end of the word, but you can never use "more" with the "er" form. Similarly, superlatives are formed by placing "most" in front of the adjective or by adding "est" at the end of the word, but you can never use "most" with the "est" form of the word. I assume we feel comfortable with adjectives and adverbs now. Let's do some realistic SAT practice questions that I created for you. Additional Realistic SAT Writing Practice Questions Use the general strategies I provided and your knowledge of adjectives and adverbs to answer these practice questions. 1. For(A) most of my life, I have resided in the incredibly(B) diverse city of Los Angeles, a dense(C) populated urban(D) area in California. No Error (E) 2. After seeing(A) my uncle for the first time in ten years, I was shocked(B) by how dramatic(C) he had aged (D). No Error (E) 3. Between(A) the SAT and(B) the ACT, the SAT has more sections(C) and the ACT has the longest(D) sections. No Error (E) 4. When I visited(A) Marc in New York, I entered his filthy(B) room for the first time and was shocked by(C) how overwhelmingly disgusting(D) it appeared. No Error (E) 5. Even though she(A) struggles with grammar, Jamie was able to correctly(B) identify the error in the sentence by looking(C) at the sentence close. (D) No Error (E) Answers: 1. C, 2. C, 3. D, 4. E, 5. D What's Next? Continue your journey to total SAT Writing mastery. Make sure you know what's actually tested on SAT Writing. For detailed strategies on how to get that awe-inspiring perfect SAT Writing score, read about how to achieve perfection on SAT Writing from a perfect scorer. Are you hoping to get a perfect combined SAT score? Learn how to do that from somebody who got a perfect SAT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. 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